Black versus White Long Question

The following graphs are bigram networks visualized in Gephi. The colors correspond to the different topical groups which have been defined by a community detection algorithm. The size of the nodes in the bigrams are determined by in degree measure which is the number of edges or links being related to that node.

When Black soldiers are talking about spatial arrangements, we see that there's a greater amount of commentary from black soldiers than white soldiers (below).

Seating arrangements pop up in conversation with bigrams of "set seat", "front seat" as well as "cafe sit".

Furthermore, spatial arrangements in which the Black soldiers talk about in regards to integration include camp, living, eating, px, service club, barrack and theater. All of these words are paired with words such as "mix", "together", "same", "separate", and "individual."

The white soldiers also have commentary on the integration in regards to spatial arrangement in the army. We see that they want separate messhalls, and to not eat or live with the Black soldiers. However, we also see words such as "with", "same" and "together". Perhaps some white soldiers were okay with integration, but without context we cannot tell if those bigrams are also associated with some negations.

Co-Occurrence Networks for Spatial Terms

The Co-occurrences aren't quite as informative as the bigram networks, as the themes of spatial segregation are not as prominent. However, there are still some correlations between "separate px" and "live together". These occurrences demonstrate the conversation about spatial segregation amongst the Black soldiers' responses.

In the white soldiers' co-occurrences there is seemingly a lack of conversation about spatial segregation. Rather all of the correlations to spatial words are quite topical such as "eat" and "messhall". But we can tell that the white soldiers moreso talk about the living conditions of military spaces.

Pro vs. Anti-Integration Viewpoints

Bigrams of Pro-Integration White Soldiers' Responses

There are very few bigrams due to a relatively small dictionary and low volume of responses (under 100). However, we can see that the soldiers wanted different messhalls, barracks and separate px's despite wanting to integrate outfits. There is also commentary on sharing the same barracks, but due to the nature of bigrams, there is a possibility there was negative commentary on this pair of words.

Co-occurrences of Anti-Integration Short Responses

At the top of the network we can see a group of words that relate to the living situation in the army such as "live", "eat", and "sleep". Many of the associated words seem to be related to the conditions of those spaces such as odor, undesir (stemmed/lemmed version of undesireable), hell and bad. These adjectives could either have been used to talk about the physical conditions of the living space or to point out adjectives describing why the white soldiers would not want to be in the same space as a Black soldier.

The more obvious spatial segregation associations are words such as "apart", "differ", "with", and "same" which show that the soldiers were discussing integration in relation to "live", "eat", and "sleep".

Another interesting observation is we see the word "habit" being correlated to the words "live" and "eat". Some of the soldiers cited difference in habits regarding to lifestyle as a reason to stay in separate outfits.

Co-occurrences of Pro-Integration Short Responses

Although there were white soldiers who supported integration of army outfits, there was still clear commentary that the soldiers should not be sharing the same space in living arrangements or social spaces. An interesting observation is that persons of other ethnicities are associated with living.

An example of why Chinese and Filipino are mentioned along with live amongst the soldiers comments on integration is below:

## [1] "i realize however that my s to the last few s are impractical because of the hostile attitude southern whites  some northern whites take toward living with negro. but if chinese or filipinos are accepted into the same ranks as the whites why not the negro."

They use these two demographics of people to compare integration of Black soldiers to the acceptance of integration between white men and other races.